(20) The phrase to have ‘brother’, aha for the BT, keeps on the other hand become enhanced, even though this setting is also found in Turoyo. Hertevin possess each other ?aha and you will ?ahona (Jastrow 1988, 180), but Mandaic has only aha (Macuch 1965, 495).
Concurrently, outside NENA, i have almost every other conditions: Mandaic keraya (Macuch 1965, 509), Turoyo raglo (Jastrow 1985, 219)
(21) You to definitely alternatively mystical items that’s attested throughout NENA languages but Sanandaj Christian (which most likely merely a chance gap regarding evidence) is actually aqla ‘foot’. Krotkoff (1985, 130-31) argues this particular keyword comes on root ql ‘to getting crooked’. Every dialects make use of the function aqla, but Koy Sanjaq aqla and you will Tisqopa (?)aqIlta.
(22) Various other keyword chatted about from the Krotkoff (1985, 131-32, 134) are baxta ‘woman’, which has supplanted the Syriac atta in most NENA, yet not for the Turoyo otherwise Mandaic. That it phrase appears to derive from Kurdish baxt ‘honor’. It is interesting to notice that an uneven plural survives inside numerous dialects: Tisqopa (?)InsI, Azerbaijan Jewish nise, and you may Halabja inse.
(23) An urgent advancement discussed because of the Noldeke (1868, 59) try rxata, comparable to Syriac rhat. The change from h in order to x contained in this one word was utilized in every NENA languages where verb is attested. Examples: Sanandaj Christian raxet (Panoussi 1990), Urmi r-x-D (Hetzron 1969, 123), Jilu rxata, Hertevin rahet (Jastrow 1988, 222).
(24) Several other unforeseen innovation ‘s the NENA verb ‘fear’, which takes the brand new versions zda?a good, zdaya, and zdala from the certain dialects. Macuch and you will Panoussi (1974, 50) bring a prospective derivation on Syriac ezda za ‘be shaken’. Variations on infixed d are found throughout the NENA dialects where in fact the options are attested: Halabja ilha zadyane ‘God-dreading (pl.)’, Jilu +zdale ‘he feared’, Aradhin iza:dIl ‘he fears’ (Krotkoff 1982, 78), Zakho zde?lu ‘they feared’ (Sabar 1988, 1).(9)
Not absolutely all of distinguishing top features of NENA can be found either in Turoyo otherwise Mandaic
I believe your significantly more than will make it obvious the NENA languages display many unique faculties being discover none in the previous attested forms of Aramaic nor on other lifestyle languages. These characteristics assortment over the domains away from phonology, morphology, while the lexicon.
Specifically, all the dialects from NENA consent into the standards 2, nine, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, 21, and you will 22. The languages in which i have recommendations together with agree on conditions 20, 23, and you will twenty four.
All but Halabja agree from inside the standards 8 and eleven. Criterion 6 is located in most of the dialects except Halabja, Hertevin, and Sanandaj Religious.
Even after its inner departments, the new NENA dialects function a stunningly coherent category, separated clearly out-of both Turoyo and Mandaic. The career ones languages outside of the NENA soft is out of concern.
The degree to which has was common across NENA is especially unbelievable as soon as we check out the enormous differences between various dialects. The influence out-of other languages to the NENA could nur Bauer-Dating have been one another deep and you may wide, while the degree of mutual intelligibility anywhere between dialects can be quite brief. The numerous shared innovations dispute strongly to have a familiar origin of the fresh new NENA languages, either in just one dialect or even in a team of closely related dialects. Meanwhile, we can detect several important bundles from isoglosses and therefore represent the boundaries out of dialect groups.
a) The fresh dialect from Halabja doesn’t share particular essential innovations which are observed compliment of the remaining portion of the languages. It will not function an excellent CCiC-ce preterite away from intransitive verbs (8), it offers no b(it)- upcoming marker (10), and also no 3rd people only 1 copula which have step 1 (11). This will be one particular fundamental department between languages out of NENA. It means your remaining languages means a team whereby designs spread if you’re Halabja remained unchanged by them.
