Suggestions originates from Robert Hoberman (private interaction). So it is apparently generally user of your Jewish languages of a great many other towns and cities associated with the part too, in addition to Aqra and you can Rawanduz.
However, within this dialect there was a highly uncommon transform out of h to h on the 3rd person one possessive suffixes: resIh ‘his head’
Azerbaijan (Azer): The text sitio de citas con personas pequeñas of your Jews away from Iranian Azerbaijan, as well as communities in the Urmi, Salmas, Basqale, Mahabad, and you may Yuksekova. Info is of Garbell (1965).
Halabja (Hala): What of one’s Jews out of Halabja with the Iran-Iraq edging. This is very nearby the Jewish languages of your own most other cities of your own area, together with Saqqiz, Suleimaniya, Sanandaj, Baneh, and you may Panjwin. Pointers originates from my personal cards.
We’ll compare these types of dialects regarding twenty-four phonological, morphological, morpho-lexical, and you will lexical requirements. Following Hetzron (1976, 98), we have selected merely designs as the standards to have category. You will find chosen an excellent disproportionate level of morphological standards, so we will give them special lbs, again following Hetzron, but most other common innovations might possibly be thought to be better.
Mention along with the more challenging maintenance and even installation out of inside Koy Sanjaq claimed from the Hoberman (1985)
Once we contrast the brand new languages off NENA we will you will need to dictate new extent that the newest dialects display a distinct trend hence differs from Turoyo and you will Mandaic. At the same time, we will see bundles from isoglosses within this NENA.
(1) Fret is generally penultimate throughout the newest NA dialects, in addition to Turoyo and Mandaic although not regarding three easternmost Jewish languages, Jewish Azerbaijani, Koy Sanjaq, and you can Halabja, which usually worry the last syllable. These types of languages seem, like this, as with many others (Garbell 1965), to show an abnormally good influence out-of Kurdish.
(2) All of the NENA dialects provides blended h and x. In Hertevin as a result, h, and you can everywhere more it is x: Hertevin haye ‘life’ (Jastrow 1988, 189) and you can dmehli ‘I slept’ (Jastrow 1988, 18), Tkhuma xa:[Theta]a good ‘new’, Jilu ptIxli ‘I opened’ (Fox 1992, 45), and you will +damxotu ‘you sleep’ (Fox 1992, 55).(4)
Both Turoyo and Mandaic retain separate h and you can x. Certain NENA dialects keeps reintroduced h because a borrowing out of Kurdish otherwise Arabic otherwise off Ancient Syriac or Hebrew.(5) Yet not, the fresh passed on words constantly suggests x. Such as, within the Tisqopa you’ll find borrowed Arabic terms, such sahabi ‘friend’, having h, however, inherited terms and conditions like laxma ‘bread’ consistently reveal x. (6)
(3) Most of the NENA dialects except Hertevin and you will Zakho have forfeit very days of inherited. For example, within the Aradhin we discover arba ‘four’, upra ‘earth’ equal to Syriac arb an excellent and you may afra. In the Hertevin along with Zakho, handed down is actually regularly ?: Hertevin thus?an effective ‘seven’ (Jastrow 1988, 99), Zakho sme?los angeles ‘she heard’ (Meehan and you can Alon 1979, 189). In lot of most other dialects most are maintained because ?, and you can, regarding the others, is gone completely. Particular dialects has actually reintroduced borrowed of Arabic otherwise Kurdish. Instance, Halabja has ayza ‘good’.
(4) From inside the earlier dialects out-of Aramaic, like in Tiberian Hebrew, t became [Theta] immediately after an excellent vowel. It alternation could have been lexicalized during the NENA, having often t or [Theta] distributed compliment of entire paradigms, if preceded from the an excellent vowel or otherwise not. Such, in Aradhin the latest verb ‘come’ now has [Theta] throughout: a[Theta]ya ‘it (fem.) comes’, but also [Theta]e:la ‘she came’ (Krotkoff 1982, 70, 74). Then, in certain languages brand new phoneme [Theta] enjoys gone through even more change. In a few dialects [Theta] provides merged back once again to t, and also in anyone else it’s become s or even l.(7) In one single dialect, Jilu, it has become h then become erased except at beginning of a word. The three easternmost Jewish dialects display brand new shocking move of [Theta] to just one. The outcome ones change can be seen about term ‘house’ and that seems in various dialects as feel:[Thetan effective]an effective (Tkhuma), biya (Jilu), beta (Hertevin), bela (Halabja), and you may besa (Sanandaj Christian).
